Large-scale nonlinear dimensionality reduction for network intrusion detection

International audienceNetwork intrusion detection (NID) is a complex classification problem. In this paper, we combine classification with recent and scalable nonlinear dimensionality reduction (NLDR) methods. Classification and DR are not necessarily adversarial, provided adequate cluster magnification occurring in NLDR methods like $t$-SNE: DR mitigates the curse of dimensionality, while cluster magnification can maintain class separability. We demonstrate experimentally the effectiveness of the approach by analyzing and comparing results on the big KDD99 dataset, using both NLDR quality assessment and classification rate for SVMs and random forests. Since data involves features of mixed types (numerical and categorical), the use of Gower's similarity coefficient as metric further improves the results over the classical similarity metric

Surgical Site Infection with and without Prophylatic Antibiotic in Children undergoing Elecltive Inguinal Herniotomy

Objective: This study was aimed at determining the frequency of surgical site infection in children undergoing elective inguinal herniotomy with and without prophylactic antibiotic. Study design: Prospective comparative study. Settings: Pediatric surgery Department, Ghulam Muhammad Mahar Medical College Sukkur. Study duration: From 1st February 2020 to 31th March 2021. Methodology: One hundred and sixty patients selected for this study and were equally divided into two groups. Group A received antibiotic prophylaxis (Injection ceftriaxone 50mg/kg) before the induction of general anesthesia, whereas Group P received placebo before the induction of general anesthesia. Demographic data and duration of surgery was noted on a proforma. Surgical procedure was carried out following standard surgical protocols. Post-operatively all patients were observed by an independent observer. Patients were observed for post-operative fever, inflammation of the surgical site and discharge from the site of incision. Wound was examined on 1st, 3rd, 7th and 30th post-operative day. For labeling Surgical Site Infection, Center of Disease criteria was followed. Results: Demographic data of both groups was comparable. Mean duration of surgery in group A was 29.61±7.47 minutes, while it was 32.97±8.73 minutes in group P with p-value of 0.08. Out of 160 patients, thirteen patients developed surgical site infection; 5 (6.25%) patients belonged to group A, while 8 (10%) belonged to group P with a p-value of 0.385. Conclusion: It is concluded in our study that use of prophylactic antibiotics in elective herniotomy cases performed in pediatric patients do not significantly decrease the incidence of Surgical Site Infection

Clinico-Histological presentation of Head and Neck Lesions in a Tertiary Care Hospital

Objective: This study aimed to see the clinical presentation and histological pattern of various head and neck lesions.Materials and Methods: This descriptive study was conducted in the Department of Pathology, Bannu Medical College in association with the Department of Surgery and ENT, Khalifa Gul Nawaz Teaching Hospital, Bannu. A total of 184 cases of head and neck lesions biopsy were subjected to histopathological diagnosis. Patients' age, gender, anatomical location, and other relevant necessary clinical findings were recorded on an already designed proforma. All biopsies were received in 10% buffered formalin, fixed overnight, and processed for histopathological examination and diagnosis. Inclusion criteria were patients with head and neck lesions including skin, salivary gland, lymph node, and oral cavity of any age and gender. Exclusion criteria were thyroid, nasal cavity lesions, autolysed, and insufficient biopsy specimen. Results: In this study, the mean age was 28.58 ± 17.34 years, and the age range was from 10 to 80 years. The male-to-female ratio was 1.3:1. The most common age group was 36-45 years followed by 46-55 years and 26-35 years etc. The most common inflammatory lesion was granulomatous lymphadenitis 14.67% followed by reactive lymphoid hyperplasia 9.23%. Common benign lesions were pleomorphic adenoma 5.97% followed by lipoma and hemangioma 3.80% and 3.26% respectively. Amongst malignant lesions basal cell carcinoma 23.91% of the face was the commonest lesion followed by squamous cell carcinoma 22.28% of the oral cavity. Conclusion: This study show spectrum of lesions from inflammatory to benign and malignant, occurring in the head and neck region. Malignant lesions are more common as compared to benign and inflammatory lesions, basal cell carcinoma of the skin is the commonest malignant lesion followed by squamous cell carcinoma of the skin and oral cavity

Neurological Manifestations of Cerebral Venous Thrombosis: Experience from A Tertiary Care Center

Background and objective: Cerebral venous thrombosis (CVT) is a common cause of cerebrovascular accident (stroke). CVT is caused due to blockage in blood flow either in cerebral veins or in dural sinuses. The objective of this study was to determine prevalence of various clinical and imaging characteristics in patients with cerebral venous thrombosis. Methods: A descriptive retrospective cross-sectional patient data was collected from November 2019 to February 2021. This study was conducted in Neurology Department in Pakistan Institute of Medical Sciences (PIMS), Islamabad, Pakistan. This study contains patient medical histories of 60 patients who were admitted in two and a half year time. Monitoring for any seizure occurrence was carried out for all the patients included in this study. Patient medical histories were examined and CT, MRI and MRV Brain were performed. Results: Superior sagittal sinus was spotted as a hot spot location for CVT. Mean age calculated was 30 while more frequency was recorded in female patients. Conclusion: CVT is a condition with more prevalence in younger population with more affected females than males. Most common presentation of CVT is headache. Superior sagittal sinuses involved in majority of cases reported. Specificity of modalities used and neurological manifestations needs a validation through a larger cohort study

Comparison between exfoliative cytology and histopathology in detecting oral squamous cell carcinoma

Objectives: To compare the cytological findings of preoperative buccal smears with their histopathological types in oral cavity tumors. Materials and Methods: This study investigated 45 patients with oral tumors who had undergone preoperative buccal smears of oral lesions and were diagnosed by postoperative histopathological examination. Two samples were taken from patients that were clinically diagnosed with oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC): smears for cytological examination and biopsies for histopathological diagnosis. Results: Of the 45 cases studied, histopathology showed the presence of OSCC (n = 39 [86.7%]), verrucous carcinoma (n = 2 [4.4%]), and hyperkeratosis (n = 4 [8.9%]). OSCC cases predominantly occurred in males, with a ratio of 3.8:1 (P = 0.000); the majority of OSCC cases, in both males (27; 87%) and females (6; 75%), were older than 50 years. Most OSCC cases, 32 (82.1%), were toombak dippers, and 28 out of the 32 were males (87.5%). In addition, the labiogingival, a common site of toombak dipping, was a prevalent lesion site of OSCC (13 patients, 33.3%) (P = 0.004). The cytological findings showed good diagnostic concordance with the histopathological findings; in 39 cases of OSCC, 31 patients had positive smears and biopsies and eight patients had negative smears but positive biopsies, for an overall sensitivity of 79.5% and specificity of 100%. Conclusion: Despite the small number of cases in this study, we realized that the diagnostic accuracy of preoperative buccal smear cytology for oral lesions was high and that it is a safe, easy-to-perform, and clinically useful diagnostic procedure

Development and Evaluation of Polymeric Nanosponge Hydrogel for Terbinafine Hydrochloride: Statistical Optimization, In Vitro and In Vivo Studies

Terbinafine hydrochloride, although one of the prominent antifungal agents, suffers from low drug permeation owing to its hydrophobic nature. The approach of nanosponge formulation may thus help to resolve this concern. Thus, the present research was envisioned to fabricate the nanosponge hydrogel of terbinafine hydrochloride for topical delivery since nanosponge augments the skin retentivity of the drug. The optimized formulation was obtained using Box Behnken Design. The dependent and independent process parameters were also determined wherein polyvinyl alcohol (%), ethylcellulose (%), and tween 80 (%) were taken as independent process parameters and particle size, polydispersity index (PDI), and entrapment efficiency (EE) were the dependent parameters. The nanosponge was then incorporated into the hydrogel and characterized. In-vitro drug release from the hydrogel was 90.20 ± 0.1% which was higher than the drug suspension and marketed formulation. In vitro permeation potential of the developed formulation through rat skin showed a flux of 0.594 ± 0.22 µg/cm2/h while the permeability coefficient was 0.059 ± 0.022 cm/s. Nanosponge hydrogel was evaluated for non-irritancy and antifungal activity against C. albicans and T. rubrum confirming the substantial outcome. Tape stripping studies exhibited ten times stripping off the skin quantified 85.6 ± 0.21 μg/cm2. The confocal analysis justified the permeation potential of the prepared hydrogel. The mean erythemal score was 0.0, confirming that the prepared hydrogel did not cause erythema or oedema. Therefore, based on results obtained, nanosponge hydrogel formulation is a potential carrier for efficient topical delivery of terbinafine hydrochloride